La pobreza desde los “pobres”
Es curioso constatar cómo la pobreza se nombra, se experimenta y se expresa de distinta manera, según donde estés ubicada. Una de las cosas que más me ha sorprendido en estos años, que comparto mi vida en un barrio de la periferia de Manila, es cómo se ven a sí mismos los pobres. Gratamente constato que lo que primariamente se reconoce, lo primero que sobresale es que todos, no importando sus posesiones, ocupación, reacciones… todos son personas. Una persona más a mi lado. En un barrio como Bagong Silang todos son pobres, según nuestros prototipos o esquemas occidentales, o han salido de la pobreza, y sin embargo desde dentro te encuentras con toda una escala social. Hay quienes mis vecinos llaman “ricos” simplemente porque tienen un ingreso seguro mensual, porque tienen un negocio, una tiendecita que funciona. Hay quien es, como expresan ellos, una familia normal, tienen lo justo, es decir: comida, acceso a la educación, posibilidad de acceder a la sanidad precaria… que desde nuestra perspectiva está muy por debajo de lo necesario y representa una economía de supervivencia. Están los que van más bien apurados, es decir unos días tengo y lo agradezco, otros días no, y lo encajo, lo soporto, y aprendo a renunciar a muchos sueños a los que me incita la sociedad moderna, o me rebelo y busco lo que deseo de otra manera.
Si me paro a escuchar un poco más, descubro que ellos no se llaman a sí mismos pobres. Debe ser un término que conlleva descalificación o al menos devaluar la dignidad a la que sienten tienen derecho y reclaman para sí mismos. Probablemente esto es cierto, todos estamos llamados a tener lo necesario, es parte de los derechos básicos del ser humano. El no tener para comer todos los días mas que algo de arroz, el no poder comprar bienes a veces incluso necesarios, como elementos para el cuidado personal, el no poder moverse libremente por falta de dinero para el transporte y tener que caminar y caminar en este calor insoportable o simplemente quedarse en casa, o el vivir siempre pidiendo dinero prestado para acceder a lo que desea o necesita y no se puede costear… todo esto no les hace sentirse pobres. Es simplemente parte de la vida, de la realidad que tan bien conocen. Me impresiona la capacidad de aceptar la realidad y no pelearse con ella, la capacidad para vivir pacíficamente lo que la vida nos niega y continuar el camino, la capacidad de festejar cuando se dan las circunstancias.
¿Quiénes son los pobres para ellos? Hay quienes mis vecinos llaman “Tao grasa” traducción literal: gente con grasa, son los que viven en las calles, los mendigos deambulantes, negros como el azabache por el sol, que no se lavan por falta de acceso a servicios higiénicos… ellos son pobres… son ¡los pobres de verdad! A veces son familias enteras que viven en lo que llamamos un “carretón” una carreta de madera como un carrito de la compra alargado, allí guardan todas sus posesiones, muchos tienen niños, bebes… con ellos, y andan por las calles, regularmente sobreviven de la basura, recogiendo y vendiendo materiales reciclables. Cuando los niños crecen un poco colaboran en la supervivencia mendigando, robando. A menudo llaman a nuestra puerta a pedir agua, cocinan en algún huequito tranquilo en una calle más solitaria, con unas maderitas, y duermen en cualquier lugar resguardado y tranquilo, sobre unos cartones, siempre cambiando de un lugar a otro. Por su aspecto poco aseado, sus ropas viejas y sucias, se les reconoce. Ellos son los que mis vecinos consideran los pobres, porque viven sucios, porque no tienen un techo. Los que nosotros llamamos pobres son la gente normal, los que luchan diariamente por la vida, pero al menos tienen un lugar donde resguardarse, un suelo donde echarse a dormir, agua para lavarse, y ropa limpia aunque sea vieja, usada, heredada… y nada más, sólo lo suficiente.
Y en realidad, ¿Quiénes son los pobres? No sabría contestar, sólo sé decir que son los preferidos de Dios, que los que poseen desde ya la herencia del Reino, porque viviendo pobres han aprendido a vivir sus valores; los que lo han perdido todo, y han aprendido obligados, cuál es la verdadera riqueza; los que han sido tantas veces despreciados por los demás que ya no se agarran a ninguna apariencia o ambición y sólo viven desde lo más hondo, donde todos, buenos o malos, limpios o sucios, llevamos sellada la huella de Dios, la dignidad de ser hijos e hijas. Todos podemos hacernos pobres, y los más pobres nos enseñan, son nuestros maestros.-
Inés Gil de Antuñano ss.cc.
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