Los signos en el sacramento del bautismo

bautismoconchaDios quiso comunicar su gracia de manera sensible para que al hombre le fuera más fácil entender. También Jesucristo quiso utilizar signos sensibles que demostraran la acción invisible del Espíritu Santo, utilizando elementos materiales y comunes a la vida diaria de los hombres.

Los sacramentos, como hoy los presenta la Iglesia son: actos salvadores de Cristo, que la Iglesia comunica al hombre mediante signos sensibles.

En la celebración del sacramento del Bautismo nos encontramos con cinco signos: la señal de la cruz, la unción con el óleo de los catecúmenos, el agua, la unción con el santo crisma, y el signo de la luz. Cada uno de ellos tiene . su propio significado. Vamos a ir explicando cada uno de ellos.

La señal de la Cruz: El sacerdote, juntamente con los padres y padrinos, trazan el signo de la cruz sobre la frente del bautizando. Este signo necesita poca explicación, pues todos sabemos que es la señal del cristiano, desde que Cristo murió en la cruz. Lo que antes era signo de maldición, se convierte en un signo de bendición.

La unción con el Óleo de los Catecúmenos: Este óleo (aceite) es bendecido por el obispo  cada año, en una Eucaristía concelebrada por la mayoría de los sacerdotes de su diócesis, en algún día de la Semana Santa. Después se repartirá por las distintas parroquias.

La unción se suele hacer en el pecho del bautizando (o en la frente). La palabra catecúmeno es una palabra griega que significa “el que está a la escucha”. Cuando un adulto pide el bautismo, se le asigna un catequista que le va instruyendo (el tiempo necesario) en el conocimiento de todo lo referente al cristianismo. Y a este que está “a la escucha” se le llamó desde antiguo con la palabra “catecúmeno”, que es la traducción en griego.

Una de las virtudes del aceite es la de  conservar (el queso, los embutidos, etc..). Las cremas faciales son aceites vegetales, y se usa para conservar el cutis, fresco, sin arrugas…en forma. Los gladiadores y luchadores del circo romano, se untaban el dorso con aceite para estar más resbaladizos ante el enemigo y para dar vigor a sus músculos. Pues bien, ese es el significado del Oleo (aceite): el cristiano tiene que ser alguien que “esté en forma”, es decir tiene que ser un luchador, y debe mantenerse siempre preparado y dispuesto a luchar contra el mal.

La unción con el Santo Crisma: este es otro aceite mezclado con aromas, bendecido en la misma misa crismal, por el obispo. En la antigüedad (Antiguo Testamento), a los reyes, a los sacerdotes y a los profetas, se les ungía con aceite, como señal de que ejercían una misión especial (un rol distinto) dentro del pueblo. Los reyes eran gente que convivían con el pueblo, cercanos, y solucionando los problemas que surgían entre unos y otros. Los profetas tenían la misión de “hablar en nombre de Dios”, dedicación especial y nada fácil. Y los sacerdotes tenían el deber del culto y los sacrificios. Tres dedicaciones especiales en el pueblo.

Ahora bien, el rol de los reyes ha cambiado; ha pasado a ser un cargo más bien político y lejano al pueblo. Y ha desaparecido lo de la unción. Los profetas ya no existen oficialmente, aunque todo cristiano debe ser un profeta en su vida. Y ha quedado la unción para los sacerdotes en su ordenación y para los bautizandos. Y su significado viene de lo que en otro tiempo significó: ser sacerdote (mediador ante Dios), ser profeta (hablar en nombre de Dios (con palabras, sí; pero sobre todo con la vida), y rey (preocuparse y atarearse en la ayuda de los demás, especialmente de los más desfavorecidos). Por eso a la unción se unen estas palabras:”Para que seas como Cristo sacerdote, profeta y rey”.

Dejamos para el siguiente post, el signo del agua y el de la luz.

                                                                                                               Félix González

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