¿Pastores y rebaño?
El domingo cuarto de Pascua nos presenta la figura del Buen Pastor, que cuida y guarda a su rebaño, con cariño; sin abusar de él en provecho propio; antes bien, defendiéndolo contra cualquier enemigo. A partir de este texto voy a intentar hacer una reflexión sobre el significado y la realidad de los “pastores” y el “rebaño”, en la Iglesia.
El Concilio Vaticano I declaró, en 1870: «La Iglesia de Cristo no es una comunidad de iguales, en la que todos los fieles tuvieran los mismos derechos, sino que es una sociedad de desiguales, no sólo porque entre los fieles unos son clérigos y otros laicos, sino, de una manera especial, porque en la Iglesia reside el poder que viene de Dios, por el que a unos es dado santificar, enseñar y gobernar, y a otros no» (Constitución sobre la Iglesia).
El Papa Pío XI, por su parte, en 1906, decía: «La Iglesia es una sociedad desigual. Comprende dos categorías de personas: los pastores y el rebaño, los que están colocados en los distintos grados de la jerarquía, y la multitud de los fieles. Sólo en la jerarquía residen el derecho y la autoridad necesarios para promover y dirigir a todos los miembros hacia el fin de la sociedad. En cuanto a la multitud, no tiene otro derecho que el de dejarse conducir y seguir dócilmente a sus pastores» (“Vehementer Nos”). El subrayado es mío.
Como se puede apreciar, había unos criterios y modos de ver la Iglesia que no podríamos, hoy, aceptar sin más. No obstante, y a pesar de haber celebrado un Concilio Vaticano II, muchas mentalidades siguen pensando con los criterios del Vaticano I, o se siguen apoyando en las palabras del Pío XI. Según ellos, la única voz segura de Dios es la de la Jerarquía. Así la Iglesia se ha convertido, como dice el teólogo Hans Küng, en «la última monarquía absoluta de Occidente». Y, aunque la expresión de este teólogo, suene un tanto a fuerte, la verdad es que no le falta razón en gran parte, en cuanto a la carencia de palabra en aquellos que no gozan del privilegio de ser “pastores”
Se suele argumentar que “la Iglesia no es una democracia”; y es cierto. La verdad es que es mucho más que eso: es una comunidad. Y en una verdadera “comunidad” la participación es algo normal, y es base de toda comunión.
Por eso, en la Iglesia no se debe hablar, ingenuamente, de pastores y de rebaño a ellos confiado. El rebaño, aplicado a los humanos, tiene connotaciones negativas: falta de capacidad de decisión, escasa o nula personalidad, carencia de palabra, una pura e irracional obediencia, etc… Jesús dijo que quien quisiera ser el primero fuese el último y el servidor de todos. Ser servidor significa, en primer lugar, reconocer los derechos que al otro le pertenecen. En ese sentido, todos somos pastores de todos, todos somos responsables y todos podemos aportar algo a la comunidad eclesial. No se niega el papel de coordinación y de gobierno. Lo que se niega es un poder autoritario que no escuche al resto de la comunidad, ni acepte la crítica o la corrección fraterna. Ya sabemos que la Iglesia no es, en sentido estricto, una democracia. Pero sí que debe tener un estilo democrático de participación y comunión. Y, desde luego, no ha de ser un rebaño.
La imagen evangélica del Buen Pastor y las ovejas, está muy bien en labios de Jesús. Como Él mismo dice, va delante de las ovejas señalando el camino, porque él es el CAMINO.
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